printk() calls should include appropriate KERN_* constant.
Signed-off-by: Christophe Lucas <clucas@rotomalug.org>
Signed-off-by: Domen Puncer <domen@coderock.org>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
The latest assembler catches this typo. (reported by Jim Wilson).
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
current->blocked will be set to the value of current->thread_info->flags if the
cmpxchg to update thread_info->flags fails. For performance reasons the store into
current->blocked was placed in the cmpxchg loop. However, the cmpxchg overwrites the
register holding the value to be stored. In the rare case of a retry the value of
thread_info->flags will be written into current->blocked.
The fix is to use another register so that the register containing the current->blocked
value is not overwritten.
Signed-off-by: Christoph Lameter <clameter@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
There've been reports of problems with CONFIG_PREEMPT=y and the high
floating point partition. This is caused by the possibility of preemption
and rescheduling on a different processor while saving or restioirng the
high partition.
The only places where the FPU state is touched are in ptrace, in
switch_to(), and where handling a floating-point exception. In switch_to()
preemption is off. So it's only in trap.c and ptrace.c that we need to
prevent preemption.
Here is a patch that adds commentary to make the conditions clear, and adds
appropriate preempt_{en,dis}able() calls to make it so. In trap.c I use
preempt_enable_no_resched(), as we're about to return to user space where
the preemption flag will be checked anyway.
Signed-off-by: Peter Chubb <peterc@gelato.unsw.edu.au>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
break.b does not store the break number in cr.iim, instead it stores 0,
which makes all break.b instructions look like BUG(). Extract the
break number from the instruction itself.
Signed-off-by: Keith Owens <kaos@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Christian Hildner pointed out that the comment did not match what the
code does in cpu_init() when we set up the default control register.
Patch based on suggestions from Ken Chen.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Some bits of the kernel assume that gp always points to valid memory,
in particular PHYSICAL_MODE_ENTER() assumes that both gp and sp are
valid virtual addresses with associated physical pages. The IA64
module loader puts gp well past the end of the module, with no physical
backing. Offsets on gp are still valid, but physical mode addressing
breaks for modules. Ensure that gp always falls within the module
body. Also ensure that gp is 8 byte aligned.
Signed-off-by: Keith Owens <kaos@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
The attached patch cleans up a compilation warning when ACPI
is turned off (i.e., when compiling for the Ski simulator).
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
In IA64 kernel, sys_mmap calls do_mmap2 and do_mmap2 returns addr if
len=0, which means the mmap sys call succeeds.
Posix.1 says:
The mmap() function shall fail if:
[EINVAL] The value of len is zero.
Here is a patch to fix it.
Signed-off-by: Zhang Yanmin <yanmin.zhang@intel.com>
Acked-by: David Mosberger <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
I applied the penultimate version of the perfmon patch, which didn't have
the initialization of the new spinlock that was added.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Patch from Charles Spirakis
Some linux customers want to optimize their applications on the latest
hardware but are not yet willing to upgrade to the latest kernel. This
patch provides a way to plug in an alternate, basic, and GPL'ed PMU
subsystem to help with their monitoring needs or for specialty work. It
can also be used in case of serious unexpected bugs in perfmon. Mutual
exclusion between the two subsystems is guaranteed, hence no conflict
can arise from both subsystem being present.
Acked-by: Stephane Eranian <eranian@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Fix convert_to_non_syscall() so it arranges for the kernel to be left
via ia64_leave_kernel() rather than ia64_leave_syscall(). The latter
no longer tolerates being called with pSys=0 and pNonSys=1.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
acpi_request_vector() is called in ia64_mca_init() to get the cpe_vector.
The problem is that acpi_request_vector() looks in platform_intr_list[] to
get the vector, but platform_intr_list[] is not initialized with a valid
vector until later (in sn_setup()). Without a valid vector the code
defaults to polling mode.
This patch moves the call to acpi_request_vector() from ia64_mca_init()
to ia64_mca_late_init(), which is after platform_intr_list[] is initialized.
Signed-off-by: Russ Anderson (rja@sgi.com)
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
convert_to_non_syscall() has the same problem that unwind_to_user()
used to have. Fix it likewise.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Some time ago, GAS was fixed to bring the .spillpsp directive in line
with the Intel assembler manual (there was some disagreement as to
whether or not there is a built-in 16-byte offset). Unfortunately,
there are two places in the kernel where this directive is used in
handwritten assembly files and those of course relied on the "buggy"
behavior. As a result, when using a "fixed" assembler, the kernel
picks up the UNaT bits from the wrong place (off by 16) and randomly
sets NaT bits on the scratch registers. This can be noticed easily by
looking at a coredump and finding various scratch registers with
unexpected NaT values. The patch below fixes this by using the
.spillsp directive instead, which works correctly no matter what
assembler is in use.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
I noticed this typo when trying to compile a kernel which had
CONFIG_HOTPLUG turned off. In that case, __devinit is no longer a
no-op and the compiler then detects a section-conflict. Fix by using
__devinitdata instead of __devinit.
Same patch also submitted by Darren Williams to fix compilation error
using sim_defconfig (which has CONFIG_HOTPLUG=n).
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Darren Williams <dsw@gelato.unsw.edu.au>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Without this patch, the stack is placed _below_ the current task
structure, which is risky at best.
Tony, I think this patch needs to go into 2.6.12, since it fixes a
real bug. Without it, INIT may case secondary errors, which would be
most unpleasant.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
- pfm_context_load(): change return value from EINVAL to EBUSY
when context is already loaded.
- pfm_check_task_state(): pass test if context state is MASKED.
It is safe to give access on PFM_CTX_MASKED because the PMU
state (PMD) is stable and saved in software state.
This helps multiplexing programs such as the example given
in libpfm-3.1.
Signed-off-by: stephane eranian <eranian@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
The pmu_active test is based on the values of PSR.up. THIS IS THE PROBLEM as
it does not take into account the lazy restore logic which is as follow (simplified):
context switch out:
save PMDs
clear psr.up
release ownership
context switch in:
if (ctx->last_cpu == smp_processor_id() && ctx->cpu_activation == cpu_activation) {
set psr.up
return
}
restore PMD
restore PMC
ctx->last_cpu = smp_processor_id();
ctx->activation = ++cpu_activation;
set psr.up
The key here is that on context switch out, we clear psr.up and on context switch in
we check if nobody else used the PMU on that processor since last time we came. In
that case, we assume the PMD/PMC are ours and we simply reactivate.
The Caliper problem is that between the moment we context switch out and the moment we
come back, nobody effectively used the PMU BUT the processor went idle. Normally this
would have no incidence but PAL_HALT does alter the PMU registers. In default_idle(),
the test on psr.up is not strong enough to cover this case and we go into PAL which
trashed the PMU resgisters. When we come back we falsely assume that this is our state
yet it is corrupted. Very nasty indeed.
To avoid the problem it is necessary to forbid going to PAL_HALT as soon as perfmon
installs some valid state in the PMU registers. This happens with an application
attaches a context to a thread or CPU. It is not enough to check the psr/dcr bits.
Hence I propose the attached patch. It adds a callback in process.c to modify the
condition to enter PAL on idle. Basically, now it is conditional to pal_halt=1 AND
perfmon saying it is okay.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Jack Steiner uncovered some opportunities for improvement in
the MCA recovery code.
1) Set bsp to save registers on the kernel stack.
2) Disable interrupts while in the MCA recovery code.
3) Change the way the user process is killed, to avoid
a panic in schedule.
Testing shows that these changes make the recovery code much
more reliable with the 2.6.12 kernel.
Signed-off-by: Russ Anderson <rja@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Attached is a patch against David's audit.17 kernel that adds checks
for the TIF_SYSCALL_AUDIT thread flag to the ia64 system call and
signal handling code paths. The patch enables auditing of system
calls set up via fsys_bubble_down, as well as ensuring that
audit_syscall_exit() is called on return from sigreturn.
Neglecting to check for TIF_SYSCALL_AUDIT at these points results in
incorrect information in audit_context, causing frequent system panics
when system call auditing is enabled on an ia64 system.
I have tested this patch and have seen no problems with it.
[Original patch from Amy Griffis ported to current kernel by David Woodhouse]
From: Amy Griffis <amy.griffis@hp.com>
From: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Signed-off-by: Chris Wright <chrisw@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Greg Kroah-Hartman <gregkh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Andi noted that during normal runtime cpu_idle_map is bounced around a lot,
and occassionally at a higher frequency than the timer interrupt wakeup
which we normally exit pm_idle from. So switch to a percpu variable.
I didn't move things to the slow path because it would involve adding
scheduler code to wakeup the idle thread on the cpus we're waiting for.
Signed-off-by: Zwane Mwaikambo <zwane@arm.linux.org.uk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch simplifies a couple places where we search for _PXM
values in ACPI namespace. Thanks,
Signed-off-by: Alex Williamson <alex.williamson@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Patch below fixes 3 trivial typos which are caught by the new
assembler (v2.169.90). Please apply.
[Note: fix to memcpy that was also part of this patch was separately
applied from patches by H.J. and Andreas ... so the delta here only
has the other two fixes. -Tony]
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Convert most of the current code that uses _NSIG directly to instead use
valid_signal(). This avoids gcc -W warnings and off-by-one errors.
Signed-off-by: Jesper Juhl <juhl-lkml@dif.dk>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Linus Torvalds <torvalds@osdl.org>
Attached is a patch against David's audit.17 kernel that adds checks
for the TIF_SYSCALL_AUDIT thread flag to the ia64 system call and
signal handling code paths.The patch enables auditing of system
calls set up via fsys_bubble_down, as well as ensuring that
audit_syscall_exit() is called on return from sigreturn.
Neglecting to check for TIF_SYSCALL_AUDIT at these points results in
incorrect information in audit_context, causing frequent system panics
when system call auditing is enabled on an ia64 system.
Signed-off-by: Amy Griffis <amy.griffis@hp.com>
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
We were calling ptrace_notify() after auditing the syscall and arguments,
but the debugger could have _changed_ them before the syscall was actually
invoked. Reorder the calls to fix that.
While we're touching ever call to audit_syscall_entry(), we also make it
take an extra argument: the architecture of the syscall which was made,
because some architectures allow more than one type of syscall.
Also add an explicit success/failure flag to audit_syscall_exit(), for
the benefit of architectures which return that in a condition register
rather than only returning a single register.
Change type of syscall return value to 'long' not 'int'.
Signed-off-by: David Woodhouse <dwmw2@infradead.org>
Yanmin Zhang pointed out a sequence problem when saving the psr. David
Mosberger provided this patch (which gave up a cycle).
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch switches the srlz.i in ia64_leave_kernel() to srlz.d. As
per architecture manual, the former is needed only to ensure that the
clearing of PSR.IC is seen by the VHPT for subsequent instruction
fetches. However, since the remainder of the code (up to and
including the RFI instruction) is mapped by a pinned TLB entry, there
is no chance of an iTLB miss and we don't care whether or not the VHPT
sees PSR.IC cleared. Since srlz.d is substantially cheaper than
srlz.i, this should shave off a few cycles off the interrupt path
(unverified though; I'm not setup to measure this at the moment).
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch changes comments & formatting only. There is no code
change.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Improvements come from eliminating srlz.i, not scheduling AR/CR-reads
too early (while there are others still pending), scheduling the
backing-store switch as well as possible, splitting the BBB bundle
into a MIB/MBB pair.
Why is it safe to eliminate the srlz.i? Observe
that we used to clear bits ~PSR_PRESERVED_BITS in PSR.L. Since
PSR_PRESERVED_BITS==PSR.{UP,MFL,MFH,PK,DT,PP,SP,RT,IC}, we
ended up clearing PSR.{BE,AC,I,DFL,DFH,DI,DB,SI,TB}. However,
PSR.BE : already is turned off in __kernel_syscall_via_epc()
PSR.AC : don't care (kernel normally turns PSR.AC on)
PSR.I : already turned off by the time fsys_bubble_down gets invoked
PSR.DFL: always 0 (kernel never turns it on)
PSR.DFH: don't care --- kernel never touches f32-f127 on its own
initiative
PSR.DI : always 0 (kernel never turns it on)
PSR.SI : always 0 (kernel never turns it on)
PSR.DB : don't care --- kernel never enables kernel-level breakpoints
PSR.TB : must be 0 already; if it wasn't zero on entry to
__kernel_syscall_via_epc, the branch to fsys_bubble_down
will trigger a taken branch; the taken-trap-handler then
converts the syscall into a break-based system-call.
In other words: all the bits we're clearying are either 0 already or
are don't cares! Thus, we don't have to write PSR.L at all and we
don't have to do a srlz.i either.
Good for another ~20 cycle improvement for EPC-based heavy-weight
syscalls.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Two other very minor changes: use "mov.i" instead of "mov" for reading
ar.pfs (for clarity; doesn't affect the code at all). Also, predicate
the load of r14 for consistency.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Avoid some stalls, which is good for about 2 cycles when invoking a
light-weight handler. When invoking a heavy-weight handler, this
helps by about 7 cycles, with most of the improvement coming from the
improved branch-prediction achieved by splitting the BBB bundle into
two MIB bundles.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch reorganizes break_fault() to optimistically assume that a
system-call is being performed from user-space (which is almost always
the case). If it turns out that (a) we're not being called due to a
system call or (b) we're being called from within the kernel, we fixup
the no-longer-valid assumptions in non_syscall() and .break_fixup(),
respectively.
With this approach, there are 3 major phases:
- Phase 1: Read various control & application registers, in
particular the current task pointer from AR.K6.
- Phase 2: Do all memory loads (load system-call entry,
load current_thread_info()->flags, prefetch
kernel register-backing store) and switch
to kernel register-stack.
- Phase 3: Call ia64_syscall_setup() and invoke
syscall-handler.
Good for 26-30 cycles of improvement on break-based syscall-path.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Reschedule code to read ar.bsp as early as possible. To enable this,
don't bother clearing some of the registers when we're returning to
kernel stacks. Also, instead of trying to support the pNonSys case
(which makes no sense), do a bugcheck instead (with break 0). Finally,
remove a clear of r14 which is a left-over from the previous patch.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Using stf8 seemed like a clever idea at the time, but stf8 forces
the cache-line to be invalidated in the L1D (if it happens to be
there already). This patch eliminates a guaranteed L1D cache-miss
and, by itself, is good for a 1-2 cycle improvement for heavy-weight
syscalls.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Why is this a good idea? Clearing b7 to 0 is guaranteed to do us no
good and writing it with __kernel_syscall_via_epc() yields a 6 cycle
improvement _if_ the application performs another EPC-based system-
call without overwriting b7, which is not all that uncommon. Well
worth the minimal cost of 1 bundle of code.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Decreases syscall overhead by approximately 6 cycles.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This by itself is good for a 1-2 cycle speed up. Effect is bigger
when combined with the later patches.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
vector sharing patch had a typo ... mismatched spin_lock() with
a spin_unlock_irq(). Fix from Kenji Kaneshige.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Rohit and Suresh changed their mind about the order to print things
in /proc/cpuinfo, but didn't include the change in the version of
the patch they sent to me.
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Current ia64 linux cannot handle greater than 184 interrupt sources
because of the lack of vectors. The following patch enables ia64 linux
to handle greater than 184 interrupt sources by allowing the same
vector number to be shared by multiple IOSAPIC's RTEs. The design of
this patch is besed on "Intel(R) Itanium(R) Processor Family Interrupt
Architecture Guide".
Even if you don't have a large I/O system, you can see the behavior of
vector sharing by changing IOSAPIC_LAST_DEVICE_VECTOR to fewer value.
Signed-off-by: Kenji Kaneshige <kaneshige.kenji@jp.fujitsu.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Version 3 - rediffed to apply on top of Ashok's hotplug cpu
patch. /proc/cpuinfo output in step with x86.
This is an updated MC/MT identification patch based on the
previous discussions on list.
Add the Multi-core and Multi-threading detection for IPF.
- Add new core and threading related fields in /proc/cpuinfo.
Physical id
Core id
Thread id
Siblings
- setup the cpu_core_map and cpu_sibling_map appropriately
- Handles Hot plug CPU
Signed-off-by: Suresh Siddha <suresh.b.siddha@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Gordon Jin <gordon.jin@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Rohit Seth <rohit.seth@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Sadly, I goofed in this syscall-tuning patch:
ChangeSet 1.1966.1.40 2005/01/22 13:31:05 davidm@hpl.hp.com
[IA64] Improve ia64_leave_syscall() for McKinley-type cores.
Optimize ia64_leave_syscall() a bit better for McKinley-type cores.
The patch looks big, but that's mostly due to renaming r16/r17 to r2/r3.
Good for a 13 cycle improvement.
The problem is that the size of the physical stacked registers was
loaded into the wrong register (r3 instead of r17). Since r17 by
coincidence always had the value 1, this had the effect of turning
rse_clear_invalid into a no-op. That poses the risk of leaking kernel
state back to user-land and is hence not acceptable.
The fix below is simple, but unfortunately it costs us about 28 cycles
in syscall overhead. ;-(
Unfortunately, there isn't much we can do about that since those
registers have to be cleared one way or another.
--david
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
- make pfm_sysctl a global such that it is possible
to enable/disable debug printk in sampling formats
using PFM_DEBUG.
- remove unused pfm_debug_var variable
- fix a bug in pfm_handle_work where an BUG_ON() could
be triggered. There is a path where pfm_handle_work()
can be called with interrupts enabled, i.e., when
TIF_NEED_RESCHED is set. The fix correct the masking
and unmasking of interrupts in pfm_handle_work() such
that we restore the interrupt mask as it was upon entry.
signed-off-by: stephane eranian <eranian@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Recently I noticed that clearing ar.ssd/ar.csd right before srlz.d is
causing significant stalling in the syscall path. The patch below
fixes that by moving the register-writes after srlz.d. On a Madison,
this drops break-based getpid() from 241 to 226 cycles (-15 cycles).
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Detect user space by the unwind frame with predicate PRED_USER_STACK
set, instead of a user space IP. Tighten up the last ditch check for
running off the top of the kernel stack.
Based on a suggestion by David Mosberger, reworked to fit the current
tree. This survives my stress test which used to break 2.6.9 kernels.
Unlike 2.6.11, the stress test now unwinds to the correct point, so
gdb can get the user space registers.
Signed-off-by: Keith Owens <kaos@sgi.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Call cpu_relax() in busy-waiting loops of the ITC-syncing code.
Signed-off-by: David Mosberger-Tang <davidm@hpl.hp.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
This patch is required to support cpu removal for IPF systems. Existing code
just fakes the real offline by keeping it run the idle thread, and polling
for the bit to re-appear in the cpu_state to get out of the idle loop.
For the cpu-offline to work correctly, we need to pass control of this CPU
back to SAL so it can continue in the boot-rendez mode. This gives the
SAL control to not pick this cpu as the monarch processor for global MCA
events, and addition does not wait for this cpu to checkin with SAL
for global MCA events as well. The handoff is implemented as documented in
SAL specification section 3.2.5.1 "OS_BOOT_RENDEZ to SAL return State"
Signed-off-by: Ashok Raj <ashok.raj@intel.com>
Signed-off-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com>
Initial git repository build. I'm not bothering with the full history,
even though we have it. We can create a separate "historical" git
archive of that later if we want to, and in the meantime it's about
3.2GB when imported into git - space that would just make the early
git days unnecessarily complicated, when we don't have a lot of good
infrastructure for it.
Let it rip!
Christophe Lucas
David Mosberger-Tang
Tony Luck
Christoph Lameter
Peter Chubb
Keith Owens
Zhang Yanmin
Russ Anderson
David Woodhouse
stephane eranian
Russ Anderson
David Woodhouse
Zwane Mwaikambo
Alex Williamson
Jesper Juhl
Stephen Rothwell
Amy Griffis
Kenji Kaneshige
Suresh Siddha
Ashok Raj
Linus Torvalds