A recent commit that removed rtas-fw.h and moved its contents to
include/asm-powerpc/rtas.h forgot to also remove the inclusion of
it in arch/powerpc/platforms/pseries/setup.c.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Here's a revised version. This re-introduces the set_bits() function
from ppc64, which I removed because I thought it was unused (it exists
on no other arch). In fact it is used in the powermac interrupt code
(but not on pSeries).
- We use LARXL/STCXL macros to generate the right (32 or 64 bit)
instructions, similar to LDL/STL from ppc_asm.h, used in fpu.S
- ppc32 previously used a full "sync" barrier at the end of
test_and_*_bit(), whereas ppc64 used an "isync". The merged version
uses "isync", since I believe that's sufficient.
- The ppc64 versions of then minix_*() bitmap functions have changed
semantics. Previously on ppc64, these functions were big-endian
(that is bit 0 was the LSB in the first 64-bit, big-endian word).
On ppc32 (and x86, for that matter, they were little-endian. As far
as I can tell, the big-endian usage was simply wrong - I guess
no-one ever tried to use minixfs on ppc64.
- On ppc32 find_next_bit() and find_next_zero_bit() are no longer
inline (they were already out-of-line on ppc64).
- For ppc64, sched_find_first_bit() has moved from mmu_context.h to
the merged bitops. What it was doing in mmu_context.h in the first
place, I have no idea.
- The fls() function is now implemented using the cntlzw instruction
on ppc64, instead of generic_fls(), as it already was on ppc32.
- For ARCH=ppc, this patch requires adding arch/powerpc/lib to the
arch/ppc/Makefile. This in turn requires some changes to
arch/powerpc/lib/Makefile which didn't correctly handle ARCH=ppc.
Built and running on G5.
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This patch simply moves files over to arch/powerpc without making
any changes to them.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The nvram code formally known as bpa_nvram.c is rather
generic really, so it is quite likely to be useful to
future boards not based on cell.
This patch puts it into arch/powerpc/sysdev.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Cell uses the same code as pSeries for flashing the firmware
through rtas, so the implementation should not be part of
platforms/pseries.
Put it into arch/powerpc/kernel instead.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
During the conversion to the merge tree, the Cell specific
SMP initialization was removed from the pSeries code.
This creates a new Cell specific SMP implementation file.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The official name for BPA is now CBEA (Cell Broadband
Engine Architecture). This patch renames all occurences
of the term BPA to 'Cell' for easier recognition.
Signed-off-by: Arnd Bergmann <arndb@de.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
By parsing the command line earlier, we can add the mem= value to the
flattened device tree and let the generic code sort out the memory limit
for us.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Change USER/KERNEL_DS so that the merged version of
__strnlen_user can be used which allows us to complete the
removal of arch/ppc64/lib/.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
We had a static memory_limit in prom.c, and then another one defined
in setup_64.c and used in numa.c, which resulted in the kernel crashing
when mem=xxx was given on the command line. This puts the declaration
in system.h and the definition in mem.c. This also moves the
definition of tce_alloc_start/end out of setup_64.c.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This fixes a bug where settimeofday would set the wrong parameters
in do_gtod, resulting in gettimeofday returning a value about 4
hours after the correct time. The bug was that we divided a
negative 64-bit value with do_div, which treated it as unsigned
and gave us a result that was approximately 1.8e10 too large
(since the divisor was 1e9).
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Somehow we ended up with an #ifdef CONFIG_PPC64 around the export
of cur_cpu_spec, but raid6 as a module needs it on ppc32 as well
as ppc64.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Currently when we first select memory model (FLAT, DISCONTIG, SPARSE) then
select whether the machine is NUMA. However NUMA systems may not be FLAT.
This constraint it not honoured and we may configure a NUMA/FLAT system.
Reorder the configuration such that we choose NUMA first which allows us to
only list the memory models which are valid. We now default NUMA for known
NUMA systems. Note that this new order also matches that used in x86.
Signed-off-by: Andy Whitcroft <apw@shadowen.org>
Signed-off-by: Joel Schopp <jschopp@austin.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
remove duplicate local variable, saves 2 asm instructions.
Signed-off-by: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Add proper entry to support the Marvell MV64361 (Marvell Discovery II)
SRAM.
This feature may be used by the mv643xx_eth driver.
Signed-off-by: Nicolas DET <det.nicolas@free.fr>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This implements a nvram acccess method, similar to
arch/ppc64/kernel/pSeries_nvram.c tested on CHRP B50.
Signed-off-by: Olaf Hering <olh@suse.de>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Change the phys_mem_access_prot() function to take a pfn instead of an
address. This allows mmap64() to work on /dev/mem for addresses above 4G
on 32-bit architectures. We start with a pfn in mmap_mem(), so there's no
need to convert to an address; in fact, it's actively bad, since the
conversion can overflow when the address is above 4G.
Similarly fix the ppc32 page_is_ram() function to avoid a conversion to an
address by directly comparing to max_pfn. Working with max_pfn instead of
high_memory fixes page_is_ram() to give the right answer for highmem pages.
Signed-off-by: Roland Dreier <rolandd@cisco.com>
Cc: Anton Blanchard <anton@samba.org>
Cc: Benjamin Herrenschmidt <benh@kernel.crashing.org>
Signed-off-by: Andrew Morton <akpm@osdl.org>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The merged version follows the ppc64 version pretty closely mostly,
and in fact ARCH=ppc64 now uses the arch/powerpc/xmon version.
The main difference for ppc64 is that the 'p' command to call
show_state (which was always pretty dodgy) has been replaced by
the ppc32 'p' command, which calls a given procedure (so in fact
the old 'p' command behaviour can be achieved with 'p $show_state').
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The sc instruction emulation can't be done the same way on 32-bit
as 64-bit yet, but this should work OK.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This patch moves the XICS interrupt controller code into the
platforms/pseries directory, since it only appears on pSeries
machines. If it ever appears on some other machine we can move it to
sysdev, although xics.c itself will need a bunch of changes in that
case to remove pSeries specific assumptions.
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <dwg@au1.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This allows us to also use entry_64.S from the merged tree and reverts
the setup_64.c part of fda262b897.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Since I sent the patch to purge bootinfo.h from ARCH=powerpc and
ARCH=ppc64, setup-common.c has come into existence, and another
#include of bootinfo.h slipped in. This patch removes it. It also
removes include/asm-ppc64/bootinfo.h, which somehow survived the
previous patch which was supposed to remove it.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
For the current time idle_6xx only applies to 6xx ppc32 CPUs
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
On 32-bit platforms, these convert from kernel virtual addresses
to real (physical addresses), like tophys/tovirt but they use
the same register for the source and destination. On 64-bit
platforms, they do nothing because the hardware ignores the top
two bits of the address in real mode.
These new macros are used in fpu.S now.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
do_dabr() is not relevant on 40x or Book-E processors so dont build it
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
With ARCH=powerpc we assume the presence of a device tree, so we don't
require any support for the old bi_recs method of passing boot
parameters. Likewise, we've never needed it for ppc64, but we still
had an include/asm-ppc64/bootinfo.h from which nothing was used. This
patch removes that file, and all references to it in arch/ppc64 and
arch/powerpc. A related, unused variable 'boot_mem_size' is also
removed from setup_32.c. The bootinfo stuff remains in ARCH=ppc for
the time being.
Built and booted on Power5 (ARCH=ppc64 and ARCH=powerpc), built for
32-bit powermac (ARCH=powerpc and ARCH=ppc).
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <dwg@au1.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The recent merge of fpu.S broken the handling of fpscr for
ARCH=powerpc and CONFIG_PPC64=y. FP registers could be corrupted,
leading to strange random application crashes.
The confusion arises, because the thread_struct has (and requires) a
64-bit area to save the fpscr, because we use load/store double
instructions to get it in to/out of the FPU. However, only the low
32-bits are actually used, so we want to treat it as a 32-bit quantity
when manipulating its bits to avoid extra load/stores on 32-bit. This
patch replaces the current definition with a structure of two 32-bit
quantities (pad and val), to clarify things as much as is possible.
The 'val' field is used when manipulating bits, the structure itself
is used when obtaining the address for loading/unloading the value
from the FPU.
While we're at it, consolidate the 4 (!) almost identical versions of
cvt_fd() and cvt_df() (arch/ppc/kernel/misc.S,
arch/ppc64/kernel/misc.S, arch/powerpc/kernel/misc_32.S,
arch/powerpc/kernel/misc_64.S) into a single version in fpu.S. The
new version takes a pointer to thread_struct and applies the correct
offset itself, rather than a pointer to the fpscr field itself, again
to avoid confusion as to which is the correct field to use.
Finally, this patch makes ARCH=ppc64 also use the consolidated fpu.S
code, which it previously did not.
Built for G5 (ARCH=ppc64 and ARCH=powerpc), 32-bit powermac (ARCH=ppc
and ARCH=powerpc) and Walnut (ARCH=ppc, CONFIG_MATH_EMULATION=y).
Booted on G5 (ARCH=powerpc) and things which previously fell over no
longer do.
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <dwg@au1.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
and use setup_64.c from the merged tree instead. The only difference
between them was the code to set up the syscall maps.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
We were computing the wrong address for the MPIC timer registers,
so when we went to initialize them we would have been hitting some
unrelated ioremap... oops.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Talk about buggy firmware... the OF on the Longtrail returns 0
from the claim client service rather than -1 when the claim fails.
It also has no device_type on the /memory node and blows up if
the output buffer for package-to-path is too big.
This also fixes a bug with calling alloc_up with align == 0, where
we did _ALIGN_UP(alloc_bottom, 0) which will end up as 0.
Lastly, we now check the return value (in r3) from calling the
prom, and return -1 from call_prom if we get a negative value back.
That is supposed to indicate that the requested client service
doesn't exist.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
SMP still needs more work but UP gets as far as starting userspace
at least. This uses the 64-bit-style code for spinning up the cpus.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
If the machine's clock is set to a bogus value, this check resulted
in userland waiting effectively forever for the RTC value to change,
so remove the check.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The interrupt-tree parsing code wasn't offsetting interrupt numbers
by 16 on 32-bit platforms with an i8259 interrupt controller, and
it was confused about the encoding of interrupt sense and level
(which is different for i8259 and openpic interrupt controllers,
just to make things interesting).
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This is so that the 32-bit CHRP code can use it. The MPC106
initialization code is now in arch/powerpc/sysdev/grackle.c and
is controlled by CONFIG_PPC_MPC106.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This creates a new arch/powerpc/kernel/setup-common.c with various
bits that setup_32.c and setup_64.c had in common - functions like
machine_shutdown/restart/power_off, show_cpuinfo, set_preferred_console
etc.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This splits arch/ppc64/kernel/rtas.c into arch/powerpc/kernel/rtas.c,
which contains generic RTAS functions useful on any CHRP platform,
and arch/powerpc/platforms/pseries/rtas-fw.[ch], which contain
some pSeries-specific firmware flashing bits. The parts of rtas.c
that are to do with pSeries-specific error logging are protected
by a new CONFIG_RTAS_ERROR_LOGGING symbol. The inclusion of rtas.o
is controlled by the CONFIG_PPC_RTAS symbol, and the relevant
platforms select that.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This changes the parameters for i8259_init so that it takes two
parameters: a physical address for generating an interrupt
acknowledge cycle, and an interrupt number offset. i8259_init
now sets the irq_desc[] for its interrupts; all the callers
were doing this, and that code is gone now. This also defines
a CONFIG_PPC_I8259 symbol to select i8259.o for inclusion, and
makes the platforms that need it select that symbol.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This defines a CONFIG_INDIRECT_PCI symbol to control whether it
gets used or not, and fixes the Kconfig to select that symbol for
platforms that need it.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
ras.o is only built for CONFIG_PPC_PSERIES, so move it into
arch/powerpc/platforms/pseries. Update Makefiles to suit.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
* Removed of_show_percpuinfo and just report CPU frequency in generic
show_cpuinfo code.
* Killed OCP and PPC_SYS related code which doesn't belong in the
merge tree
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
We need to initialize some control SPRS for timers on Book-E before
we start taking decrementer interrupts.
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
On !CONFIG_PPC_MULTIPLATFORM _machine is defined as 0. This is ok, but
we can't assign a value to _machine then.
We may not have CONFIG_PCI available, so only build in support for
find_parent_pci_resource(), request_OF_resource(), release_OF_resource()
if PCI is enabled. This is probably not the long term fix but works out
for now.
Make reg_property64 contain 64-bit elements on a 32-bit machine.
Mark the deprecated prom.c functions as __deprecated.
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Its valid for ppc_md.set_rtc_time to be NULL. We need to check
that its non-NULL before trying to update the RTC.
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Add a shutdown member to struct vio_driver. We also need vio_bus_shutdown()
which converts from struct device to struct vio_dev and knows how to extract
the struct vio_driver.
Original patch adjusted for different location of vio.c.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
A comment in lpevents.c refers to code that's actually in HvCallEvent.h.
The code in HvCallEvent.h is pretty obvious, so just remove the comment
altogether.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Acked-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Just set the name field directly in the device_driver structure
contained in the vio_driver struct.
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Merge arch/ppc64/kernel/vio.c into arch/powerpc/kernel/vio.c, update
the Makefiles to make it work, and make ARCH=ppc64 still work.
Michael's version put vio.c in arch/powerpc/sysedv but after consolting
Paulus, this one puts it in arch/powerpc/kernel.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Stephen Rothwell <sfr@canb.auug.org.au>
Old powermacs have a number of differences from current machines:
- there is no interrupt tree in the device tree, just interrupt
or AAPL,interrupt properties
- the chosen node in the device tree is called /chosen@0
- the OF claim method doesn't map the memory, so we have to do
an explicit map call as well
- there is no /chosen/cpu property on SMP machines
- the NVRAM isn't structured as a set of partitions.
This adapts the merged powermac support code to cope with these
issues.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The 601 doesn't have the timebase register; instead it has an RTCL
register that counts nanoseconds and wraps at 1000000000, and an
RTCU register that counts seconds. This makes the necessary changes
for the merged time code to use the RTCL/U registers when the kernel
is running on a 601.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This switches the ARCH=ppc64 build to use arch/powerpc/platforms/powermac
instead of arch/ppc64/kernel/pmac*, and deletes the latter set of files.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This brings in a lot of changes from arch/ppc64/kernel/pmac_*.c to
arch/powerpc/platforms/powermac/*.c and makes various minor tweaks
elsewhere. On the powermac we now initialize ppc_md by copying
the whole pmac_md structure into it, which required some changes in
the ordering of initializations of individual fields of it.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This moves smp_space_timers from arch/ppc64/kernel/smp.c to
arch/powerpc/kernel/time.c and makes it initialize last_jiffy[]
instead of paca[].next_jiffy_update_tb, since last_jiffy[] is
now what the time code uses. It also declares smp_space_timers
in include/asm-powerpc/time.h and gets rid of an ifdef in
div128_by_32.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
An error in merging led to 32-bit processes getting the wrong link
register value on entry to RT signal handlers, and the wrong stack
chain as well. This fixes it.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The merge of syscalls.c & sys_ppc32.c (30286ef6e0)
broke mmap, if the mmap returned a 64 bit address.
do_mmap2 was taking the return value from do_mmap_pgoff (an unsigned long), and
storing it in an int, before returning it to sys_mmap as an unsigned long. So
we were losing the high bits of the address.
You would have thought the compiler could catch this for us ...
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The patch to make process.c work for 32-bit and 64-bit
(06d67d5474) broke some 64-bit binaries.
We were blowing away load_addr in gpr[2], so we weren't properly relocating
the entry point.
Signed-off-by: Michael Ellerman <michael@ellerman.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Merge ppc32 and ppc64 versions of thread_info.h. They were pretty
similar already, the chief changes are:
- Instead of inline asm to implement current_thread_info(),
which needs to be different for ppc32 and ppc64, we use C with an
asm("r1") register variable. gcc turns it into the same asm as we
used to have for both platforms.
- We replace ppc32's 'local_flags' with the ppc64
'syscall_noerror' field. The noerror flag was in fact the only thing
in the local_flags field anyway, so the ppc64 approach is simpler, and
means we only need a load-immediate/store instead of load/mask/store
when clearing the flag.
- In readiness for 64k pages, when THREAD_SIZE will be less
than a page, ppc64 used kmalloc() rather than get_free_pages() to
allocate the kernel stack. With this patch we do the same for ppc32,
since there's no strong reason not to.
- For ppc64, we no longer export THREAD_SHIFT and THREAD_SIZE
via asm-offsets, thread_info.h can now be safely included in asm, as
on ppc32.
Built and booted on G4 Powerbook (ARCH=ppc and ARCH=powerpc) and
Power5 (ARCH=ppc64 and ARCH=powerpc).
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <david@gibson.dropbear.id.au>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
I had the sense of the test for when to use the old 601-style RTC
registers inverted. pmac_calibrate_decr and via_calibrate_decr
weren't setting ppc_tb_freq, on which all the further calculations
depended. Lastly, update_gtod was losing the top 32 bits of
the new tb_to_xs value.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Previously the individual xxx_calibrate_decr functions would each
print the timebase and cpu frequency and calculate several values
such as tb_to_us and tb_to_xs. This moves those printks and
calculations into time_init just after the call to the platform's
calibrate_decr function.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This way they get done in one place for all platforms, and it is
more consistent with what ppc32 does.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
I missed a few places where ppc code was still assuming that the
ppc_md.show_[per]cpuinfo functions returned int.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Having it here rather than in arch/ppc64/kernel/smp.c means that
we can use it on 32-bit SMP systems easily with ARCH=powerpc.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
This patches the ppc32 and ppc64 versions of the headers and .c files
with helper functions for manipulating the performance counting
hardware. As a side effect, it removes use of the term "perfmon" from
ppc32, thus avoiding confusion with the unrelated performance counter
interface from HP Labs also called "perfmon".
Built, but not booted, for g5, pSeries, iSeries, and 32-bit Powermac
with both ARCH=powerpc and ARCH=ppc{,64} as appropriate.
Signed-off-by: David Gibson <dwg@au1.ibm.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Some minor fixes that are needed if we are building for a book-e
processor.
Signed-off-by: Kumar K. Gala <kumar.gala@freescale.com>
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
The code was incorrectly doing a division by 0 in the case where
the denominator was 0x100000000 and the divisor was 0xffffffff.
Thanks to Fred Liu of Motorola for pointing this out.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
We now use the merged time.c for both 32-bit and 64-bit compilation
with ARCH=powerpc, and for ARCH=ppc64, but not for ARCH=ppc32.
This removes setup_default_decr (folds its function into time_init)
and moves wakeup_decrementer into time.c. This also makes an
asm-powerpc/rtc.h.
Signed-off-by: Paul Mackerras <paulus@samba.org>
Kelly Daly
Paul Mackerras
David Gibson
Arnd Bergmann
Stephen Rothwell
Andy Whitcroft
Olaf Hering
Nicolas DET
Roland Dreier
Kumar Gala
Michael Ellerman